Keep that in mind when testing designs with any simulator. One item that can be tricky to model in Spice is a transformer. You won’t find a transformer in the components section of LTSpice.

Recognizing the nonlinear behavior of the 12AX7 vacuum tube, used in audio and old op-amp applications, Dr. Dyer compares various models for fit to real-world device data.

A brief overview of the history and operating principles of vacuum tubes is discussed, after which Dr. Stephen Dyer shows how ...